Electromagnetic Reflection Profiles

ABSTRACT

Methods, systems, and products determine electromagnetic reflective characteristics of ambient environments. A wireless communications device sends a cellular impulse and receives reflections of the cellular impulse. The cellular impulse and the reflections of the cellular impulse may be compared to determine the electromagnetic reflective characteristics of an ambient environment.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No.15/867,797 filed Jan. 11, 2018 and since issued as U.S. Pat. No. ______,which is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 14/886,004 filedOct. 17, 2015 and since issued as U.S. Pat. No. 9,874,632, which is acontinuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 13/685,741 filed Nov. 27, 2012and since issued as U.S. Pat. No. 9,188,668, with all applicationsincorporated herein by reference in their entireties.

BACKGROUND

Mobile communications has revolutionized society. Data access isavailable to anyone on the go. People will embrace advances that furtherimprove mobile communications.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWINGS

The features, aspects, and advantages of the exemplary embodiments areunderstood when the following Detailed Description is read withreference to the accompanying drawings, wherein:

FIG. 1 is a simplified schematic illustrating an environment in whichexemplary embodiments may be implemented;

FIG. 2 is a more detailed schematic illustrating an operatingenvironment, according to exemplary embodiments;

FIGS. 3-5 are schematics illustrating an electromagnetic reflectiveevaluation of an ambient environment, according to exemplaryembodiments;

FIG. 6 is a schematic illustrating remote determination of a reflectionprofile, according to exemplary embodiments;

FIGS. 7-11 are schematics illustrating a database of reflectionprofiles, according to exemplary embodiments;

FIGS. 12-13 are schematics illustrating a multiple input, multipleoutput (“MIMO”) system, according to exemplary embodiments;

FIGS. 14-15 are schematics illustrating remote evaluation commands,according to exemplary embodiments;

FIG. 16 is a schematic illustrating an orientation determination,according to exemplary embodiments;

FIG. 17 is a schematic illustrating distance calculations, according toexemplary embodiments;

FIGS. 18-19 are schematics illustrating velocity calculations, accordingto exemplary embodiments;

FIGS. 20-21 are schematics further illustrating the orientationdetermination, according to exemplary embodiments;

FIG. 22 is a schematic illustrating a cellular impulse, according toexemplary embodiments;

FIGS. 23-24 are more schematics illustrating the electromagneticreflective characteristics of an ambient environment, according toexemplary embodiments;

FIG. 25 is a schematic illustrating authentication, according toexemplary embodiments;

FIGS. 26-28 are flowcharts illustrating a method or algorithm forprofiling electromagnetic characteristics, according to exemplaryembodiments; and

FIGS. 29-34 depict still more operating environments for additionalaspects of the exemplary embodiments.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The exemplary embodiments will now be described more fully hereinafterwith reference to the accompanying drawings. The exemplary embodimentsmay, however, be embodied in many different forms and should not beconstrued as limited to the embodiments set forth herein. Theseembodiments are provided so that this disclosure will be thorough andcomplete and will fully convey the exemplary embodiments to those ofordinary skill in the art. Moreover, all statements herein recitingembodiments, as well as specific examples thereof, are intended toencompass both structural and functional equivalents thereof.Additionally, it is intended that such equivalents include bothcurrently known equivalents as well as equivalents developed in thefuture (i.e., any elements developed that perform the same function,regardless of structure).

Thus, for example, it will be appreciated by those of ordinary skill inthe art that the diagrams, schematics, illustrations, and the likerepresent conceptual views or processes illustrating the exemplaryembodiments. The functions of the various elements shown in the figuresmay be provided through the use of dedicated hardware as well ashardware capable of executing associated software. Those of ordinaryskill in the art further understand that the exemplary hardware,software, processes, methods, and/or operating systems described hereinare for illustrative purposes and, thus, are not intended to be limitedto any particular named manufacturer.

As used herein, the singular forms “a,” “an,” and “the” are intended toinclude the plural forms as well, unless expressly stated otherwise. Itwill be further understood that the terms “includes,” “comprises,”“including,” and/or “comprising,” when used in this specification,specify the presence of stated features, integers, steps, operations,elements, and/or components, but do not preclude the presence oraddition of one or more other features, integers, steps, operations,elements, components, and/or groups thereof. It will be understood thatwhen an element is referred to as being “connected” or “coupled” toanother element, it can be directly connected or coupled to the otherelement or intervening elements may be present. Furthermore, “connected”or “coupled” as used herein may include wirelessly connected or coupled.As used herein, the term “and/or” includes any and all combinations ofone or more of the associated listed items.

It will also be understood that, although the terms first, second, etc.may be used herein to describe various elements, these elements shouldnot be limited by these terms. These terms are only used to distinguishone element from another. For example, a first device could be termed asecond device, and, similarly, a second device could be termed a firstdevice without departing from the teachings of the disclosure.

FIG. 1 is a simplified schematic illustrating an environment in whichexemplary embodiments may be implemented. FIG. 1 illustrates a wirelesscommunications device 20 transmitting a wireless signal 22 in an ambientenvironment 24. For simplicity, the communications device 20 isillustrated as a smart phone 26, which may transmit the wireless signal22 in the radio-frequency range of the electromagnetic spectrum.Regardless, as the wireless signal 22 propagates within the ambientenvironment 24, the wireless signal 22 impinges on walls, buildings,and/or trees—whatever objects 28 lie within the ambient environment 24.One or more reflections 30 of the wireless signal 22 thus propagate backto the communications device 20. The communications device 20 may thenanalyze the reflections 30 to determine a reflection profile 32 of theambient environment 24. The reflection profile 32 may thus describe theelectromagnetic reflective characteristics of the ambient environment24. The reflection profile 32, for example, may describe indoorelectromagnetic reflective characteristics caused by interior walls andfurniture in a home or office. The reflection profile 32, however, mayalso describe outdoor electromagnetic reflective characteristics causedby topographic features, buildings, and flora. Whether indoor oroutdoor, the reflection profile 32 describes the electromagneticreflective characteristics associated with the ambient environment 24.

The reflection profile 32 may also describe electromagnetic noise 34. Asthose of ordinary skill in the art understand, the ambient environment24 may also include unwanted or undesirable electromagneticdisturbances. Some of the noise 34 may be due to natural sources, whilesome of the noise 34 is due to man-made sources. For example, the Earthis continually bombarded by electromagnetic energy from outer space.This natural source of the noise 34 may affect the electromagneticcharacteristics associated with the ambient environment 24. Moreover,many other cell phones and computers may be operating within the sameambient environment 24. These man-made sources may also affect theelectromagnetic characteristics associated with the ambient environment24. Once the noise 34 is determined, a signal-to-noise ratio (“SNR”) 36may be determined for the ambient environment 24, along with a directionand distance 37 associated with the signal-to-noise ratio 36. Thesignal-to-noise ratio 36 may thus be used to improve transmissions toand from the wireless communications device 20.

The reflection profile 32 may also describe interference 38. As those ofordinary skill in the art understand, the ambient environment 24 may besubject to unwanted electromagnetic interference from othertransmitters. This interference 38 may alter or affect theelectromagnetic characteristics associated with the ambient environment24. The interference 38, however, may also be caused by cross-talksignals and even deliberate “jamming” of signals. Once the interference38 is known, a signal-to-interference ratio (“SIR”) 40 may be determinedfor the ambient environment 24. A signal-to-noise plus interferenceratio (“SNIR”) 42 may also be determined. These ratios may also be usedto improve transmissions to and from the wireless communications device20.

Distortion 44 may be determined from the reflection profile 32. When thereflections 30 are compared to the originally-sent wireless signal 22,any of the reflections 30 may differ from the transmitted wirelesssignal 22. Any unwanted difference between the transmitted wirelesssignal 22 and the reflections 30 may be due to the distortion 44 causedby multipath arrivals. The distortion 44 may change the amplitude,phase, frequency, and/or any other feature of the transmitted wirelesssignal 22. Once the distortion 44 is known, the distortive effects ofthe ambient environment 24 may be applied to future transmissions to andfrom the wireless communications device 20.

The reflection profile 32 may thus be tied to the ambient environment24. Now that the electromagnetic characteristics of the ambientenvironment 24 are known, the reflection profile 32 may be associated toa location 46. The location 46, for example, may be obtained from thecommunications device 20. The current location 46 of the communicationsdevice 20 may be obtained from a global positioning system (“GPS”)and/or triangulation. The current location 46 may be mapped to theambient environment 24 and/or to the reflection profile 32. Whenever thewireless communications device 20 again operates within the samelocation 46, the wireless communications device 20 may retrieve thereflection profile 32 for that same location 46. The reflection profile32 may thus be applied to future signals sent and received in the samelocation 46. Moreover, the reflection profile 32 may be applied to otherdevices operating in the same location 46, as later paragraphs willexplain.

FIG. 2 is a more detailed schematic illustrating an operatingenvironment, according to exemplary embodiments. The wirelesscommunications device 20 may have a processor 50 (e.g., “μP”),application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), or other component thatexecutes a device-side electromagnetic profile algorithm 52 stored in alocal memory 54. The processor 50 may also instruct or command awireless interface 56 to send the wireless signal 22. The wirelessinterface 56, for example, may be a transmitter, a receiver, and/or acombined transceiver. The wireless interface 56, however, may use anymeans of wireless transmission and/or reception of electromagneticsignals. While the wireless interface 56 may operate within any portionof the electromagnetic spectrum, the wireless interface conventionallytunes to, or operates within, the radio-frequency (“RF”) range of theelectromagnetic spectrum (such as a cellular telephony or data system).

The communications device 20 may have a multiple input, multiple output(“MIMO”) system 58. The multiple input, multiple output system 58interfaces with the wireless interface 56 and the processor 50 to sendthe wireless signal 22 and to receive the reflections 30. The multipleinput, multiple output system 58, for example, may have one or moreantennas 60 that may send and receive electromagnetic signals. FIG. 2,for simplicity, only illustrates two (2) antennas 60, but thecommunications device 20 may have several or many antennas. Theprocessor 50 and the wireless interface 56 may cooperate to determinewhich of the multiple antennas 60 outputs electromagnetic signals.Likewise, when the multiple antennas 60 receive electromagnetic signals,the processor 50 and the wireless interface 56 may cooperate todetermine which input is used. One or more of the multiple antennas 60may thus be selected to optimize transmission and reception ofelectromagnetic signals.

MIMO, however, may not be required. Should the communications device 20only have a directional antenna, exemplary embodiments may still beapplied. Once a radio frequency (RF) profile of the directional antennais known and stored, the RF profile may be coupled with knowledge ofwhere the antenna is pointing when measurements are made (perhaps usingan electronic compass or GPS fix). The reflections 30 obtained in such acase may represent a limited view of the surrounding ambient environment24.

FIG. 2 also illustrates a wireless access point 70. The communicationsdevice 20 and the wireless access point 70 wirelessly communicate via acommunications network 72. The wireless access point 70, for example,may be a conventional antenna, base station, router, or any othernetwork device in a cellular network or WI-FI® network. Thecommunications device 20 and the wireless access point 70 maycommunicate to access the Internet, as is known.

The reflection profile 32 improves services provided to thecommunications device 20. Because the reflection profile 32 may belocation-based, the reflection profile 32 may be exploited for improvingcommunications and data services to the wireless communications device20. The reflection profile 32, for example, may be used to optimizeconfiguration parameters in the multiple input, multiple output system58. As the communications device 20 may have the multiple antennas 60,the reflection profile 32 may be used to optimally combine the arrivalsof the reflections 30 for an improved signal-to-noise ratio (illustratedas reference numeral 36 in FIG. 1). Moreover, the spatial impulseresponse of the nearby radio-frequency field, as sampled by the multipleantennas 60 of the communications device 20, may form a uniqueexpression or image of the ambient environment 24. The reflectionprofile 32 may thus describe the distortions, the noise, and/or theinterferences (illustrated as reference numerals 34-44 in FIG. 1)detected within the nearby radio-frequency field in the vicinity of thecommunications device 20. The reflection profile 32 thus describes theelectromagnetic characteristics of the ambient environment 24,independent of the electromagnetic signature of the communicationsdevice 20 itself. The reflection profile 32, in simple terms, describesan electromagnetic reflective representation, or “photo,” of theelectromagnetic propagation environment at a particular place.

Exemplary embodiments, though, may be applied regardless of networkingenvironment. As the above paragraphs mentioned, the communicationsnetwork 72 may be a wireless network having cellular or WI-FI®capabilities. The communications network 72, however, may also operateusing any other frequency or standard, such as the BLUETOOTH® standardor the Internet Protocol (IP). The communications network 72, however,may be a cable network operating in the radio-frequency domain and/orthe Internet Protocol (IP) domain. The communications network 72,however, may also include a distributed computing network, such as theInternet or an application of the Internet (such as cloud-basedcomputing), an intranet, a local-area network (LAN), and/or a wide-areanetwork (WAN). The communications network 72 may include coaxial cables,copper wires, fiber optic lines, and/or hybrid-coaxial lines. Thecommunications network 72 may even include wireless portions utilizingany portion of the electromagnetic spectrum and any signaling standard(such as the IEEE 802 family of standards, GSM/CDMA/TDMA or any cellularstandard, and/or the ISM band). The communications network 72 may eveninclude powerline portions, in which signals are communicated viaelectrical wiring. The concepts described herein may be applied to anywireless/wireline communications network, regardless of physicalcomponentry, physical configuration, or communications standard(s).

FIGS. 3-5 are schematics further illustrating an electromagneticreflective evaluation of the ambient environment 24, according toexemplary embodiments. FIG. 3, for simplicity, illustrates the wirelesscommunications device 20 transmitting the wireless signal 22 as atwo-dimensional cellular impulse 80 of relatively large amplitude 82 andrelatively low duration 84. The cellular impulse 80 thus resembles a“ping” or burst transmission to evaluate the electromagnetic reflectivecharacteristics of the ambient environment 24. The cellular impulse 80may contain or include any information, such as a PN-sequence ormulti-tone waveform, which can be used to obtain additional directionand delay information if multiple antennas are used (e.g., MIMOconfigurations). While the cellular impulse 80 may have any frequency,amplitude, or duration, the large amplitude 82 of the cellular impulse80 may be preferred for easier discernment. As those of ordinary skillin the art also understand, the cellular impulse 80 may propagate inthree dimensions. As FIG. 3 illustrates the smart phone 26, the cellularimpulse 80 may be sent to evaluate the electromagnetic reflectivecharacteristics within any of the radio frequencies allocated forcellular telephony use. The United States, for example, currentlyallocates about 700 MHz to about 2700 MHz for cellular telephony. Othercountries, though, may utilize other frequencies, and exemplaryembodiments may be applied to any frequency.

FIG. 4 illustrates directional transmissions. The cellular impulse 80may be transmitted in one or more directions. Because the communicationsdevice 20 may have the multiple antennas 60 of the multiple input,multiple output (“MIMO”) system 58, the cellular impulse 80 may be aimedtoward one or more transmission directions 90. The communications device20 may thus evaluate the electromagnetic reflective characteristics inany one or more specific transmission directions 90 within the ambientenvironment 24.

FIG. 5 illustrates the reflections 30. The reflections 30 bounce orreflect back toward the communications device 20. Because there may bemany reflective surfaces within the ambient environment 24, manyreflections 30 may return propagate to the communications device 20. Thereflections 30 are received by the multiple antennas 60 of the multipleinput, multiple output system 58. The reflections 30 are thus responsesto the cellular impulse (illustrated as reference numeral 80 in FIGS.3-4) that are received by the communications device 20. Because thereflections 30 are received by the multiple antennas 60, the processor50 may infer a reflection direction 92 associated with each reflection30. That is, the communications device 20 may determine spatial vectorsassociated with each reflection 30.

The reflection profile 32 may then be generated. The device-sideelectromagnetic profile algorithm 52 knows the transmissioncharacteristics (e.g., the amplitude 82 and duration 84 illustrated inFIG. 3) of the cellular impulse 80 sent from the communications device20. The device-side electromagnetic profile algorithm 52 knows thetransmission direction 90 of the cellular impulse 80 sent from thecommunications device 20 (as illustrated in FIG. 4). The device-sideelectromagnetic profile algorithm 52 may then compare each reflection30, and each reflection direction 92, to ascertain the electromagneticreflective characteristics of the ambient environment 24. Exemplaryembodiments may thus determine the electromagnetic reflectivecharacteristics in any direction from the communications device 20.

The reflection profile 32 may be enhanced. As the transmission andreflection characteristics are now known, the device-sideelectromagnetic profile algorithm 52 may thus also determine the noise34, the distortion 44, and the interference 38 caused by, or associatedwith, the ambient environment 24. The signal-to-noise ratio (“SNR”) 36may be determined, along with the signal-to-interference ratio (“SIR”)40 and the signal-to-noise plus interference ratio (“SNIR”) 42. Thedistortion 44 caused by the ambient environment 24 may also bedetermined. The reflection profile 32 may be associated to the location46 for future reference.

Delay 94 may also be determined. Exemplary embodiments may compare atime of transmission and subsequent times of receipt for the variousreflections 30. Any timing differences may thus describe the delay 94caused by the ambient environment 24. The delay 94 may thus helpdistinguish unwanted reflective signals from legitimate or desiredsignals received from the wireless access point 70.

Exemplary embodiments include other transmission and reception options.FIGS. 3-5 illustrate the wireless communications device 20 transmittingthe wireless signal 22 and receiving the reflections 30. This nearlysimultaneous transmission and receipt may allow the wirelesscommunications device 20 to detect the reflection profile 332 usinglocal information. Exemplary embodiments, though, also includetransmission and reception to/from other componentry in thecommunications network 72. For example, later paragraphs will explainhow the wireless signal 22 may be transmitted from a base station or thewireless access point (illustrated as reference numeral 70 in FIG. 2).Indeed, later paragraphs will explain that the reflections 30 may alsobe received by the wireless access point 70.

FIG. 6 is a schematic illustrating remote determination of thereflection profile 32, according to exemplary embodiments. Here aremotely-located profile server 100 may help at least partiallydetermine the reflection profile 32. The profile server 100 communicateswith the communications device 20 via the communications network 72. Asmany readers may know, electromagnetic theory may require intensivemathematical calculations and/or signal comparisons. Any comparisonbetween the transmitted cellular impulse and the reflections(illustrated as reference numerals 80 and 30 in FIGS. 4-5), for example,may require vector calculations and/or at least a partial solution ofMaxwell's equations. These determinations are often computationallycomplex, which may tax the processing abilities of the communicationsdevice 20. Exemplary embodiments, then, may offload some or all of theseburdensome calculations to the profile server 100. The profile server100 may have a processor and memory that execute a server-sideelectromagnetic profile algorithm 102. The communications device 20 andthe profile server 100 may thus cooperate to determine the reflectionprofile 32. The computational contribution provided by the profileserver 100 may be some or all of the reflection profile 32, depending onusage of the communications device 20, bandwidth, load, and any othernetwork or device condition. The server-side device-side electromagneticprofile algorithm 52 may thus at least partially determine thereflection profile 32 and then send any portion of the reflectionprofile 32 to the communications device 20. The communications device 20may thus be dedicated to less complex processing.

FIGS. 7-10 are schematics illustrating a database 110 of reflectionprofiles, according to exemplary embodiments. As this disclosureexplains above, exemplary embodiments evaluate the electromagneticreflective characteristics of any ambient environment 24. Because thereflection profile 32 may be linked to its corresponding location 46,different reflection profiles 32, for different locations 46, may bestored in the database 110 of reflection profiles. FIG. 7 illustrateshow the database 110 of reflection profiles may be at least locallystored in the communications device 20 and/or the profile server 100.Regardless, FIG. 8 illustrates the database 110 of reflection profilesas a table 112 that maps, relates, or otherwise associates differentlocations 46 to their corresponding reflection profiles 32. While FIG. 8only illustrates a few entries, in practice the database 110 ofreflection profiles may have hundreds or thousands of entries for manydifferent locations. Whenever the reflection profile 32 is generated,the reflection profile 32 may be stored in association with itscorresponding location 46.

FIGS. 9-10 illustrate database queries. Wherever the communicationsdevice 20 roams, travels, or moves, the communications device 20 maywant to obtain the reflection profile 32 for its current location 46,particularly if the device remains in a nearly fixed location for sometime due to intensive use by its user. Indeed, exemplary embodiments maypermit the user to indicate that the reflection profile 32 at thelocation 46 should be saved for subsequent use (as later paragraphs willexplain). The device-side electromagnetic profile algorithm 52 may thuscause the processor 50 to send a query 120. The query 120 specifies thecurrent location 46 of the communications device 20. FIG. 9 illustratesthe query 120 communicating via the communications network 72 to thenetwork address associated with the profile server 100. When the profileserver 100 receives the query 120, a query handler queries the database110 of reflection profiles for the current location 46 associated withthe communications device 20. The profile server 100 retrieves thecorresponding reflection profile 32 associated with the current location46. As FIG. 10 illustrates, the profile server 100 then sends thecorresponding reflection profile 32 as a query response 122. The queryresponse 122 communicates along the communications network 72 to thenetwork address associated with the communications device 20.

The reflection profile 32 may thus be applied. Because the reflectionprofile 32, for the current location 46, is now known, the reflectionprofile 32 may be applied to transmissions and receptions within thesame location 46. The reflection profile 32, for example, may be appliedto adjust amplifier and antenna gains. Quality and characteristics oftransmissions may be adjusted according to the reflection profile 32.The reflection profile 32 may also be used to improve recognition andreception of signals.

The database 110 of reflection profiles may also help conserveelectrical power. As this disclosure explains above, the reflectionprofile 32 may require difficult and complex calculations. Indeed, theprocessor (illustrated as reference numeral 50 in FIG. 2) in thecommunications device 20 may bog down during these computations, thus atleast temporarily stalling applications. Moreover, electrical energy(such as current and voltage) from a battery is heavily consumed duringthese intensive calculations. Exemplary embodiments, though, may allowthe communications device 20 to avoid these taxing computations.Sometimes the communications device 20 and/or the profile server 100need only query the database 110 of reflection profiles for the currentlocation 46. The corresponding reflection profile 46 may be quicklyretrieved and reused with little or no burdensome calculations. Time andbattery power are thus conserved by retrieving a previously-determinedreflection profile 32 that has been historically observed at the same orsimilar location 46. Other times, though, conditions may warrantupdating or recalculating a new reflection profile 32. For example,sometimes the multiple input, multiple output (“MIMO”) system(illustrated as reference numeral 58 in FIGS. 1-6) must constantlyupdate its directional and time domain measurements to optimize thetransmission/reception of signals with a base station. MIMO systems mustallow this processing to be active at all times when receiving signals.

FIG. 11 is another schematic illustrating the database 110 of reflectionprofiles, according to exemplary embodiments. Here the database 110 ofreflection profiles may be accessed by any device operating in the samelocation 46. That is, wherever any device operates, the device need notcalculate its own reflection profile 32 for the location 46. The device,instead, may merely query for the reflection profile 32 associated withthe location 46, even if determined from a different device. Thereflection profile 32, in other words, may be device-agnostic.

FIG. 11 illustrates this agnosticism. The wireless communications device20 sends the cellular impulse 80 and receives the reflections 30. Thereflection profile 32 is either locally determined by the communicationsdevice 20, or the reflection profile 32 may be at least partiallydetermined by the profile server 100. Regardless, the reflection profile32 is now associated with the current location 46 of the user'scommunications device 20.

Now, suppose a different user enters the location 46. The different userhas a different communications device 130. The different communicationsdevice 130 registers, roams, or operates within the vicinity or regionof the location 46. The different communications device 130, forexample, may be another user's wireless phone, laptop, tablet, or anyother networked device. If the different communications device 130 needsthe electromagnetic reflective characteristics of the same ambientenvironment 24, the different communications device 130 could undertakeits own determination. That is, the different communications device 130could send its own cellular impulse 80, receive the correspondingreflections 30, and repeat the calculations for the reflection profile32.

Exemplary embodiments, though, may merely query the database 110 ofreflection profiles. Instead of recalculating the reflection profile 32,for the same location 46, the different communications device 130 maysimply query database 110 of reflection profiles. The differentcommunications device 130 determines its location 46 and queries thedatabase 110 of reflection profiles (as FIGS. 9-10 illustrate). Thedifferent communications device 130 thus receives the reflection profile32 associated with the location 46. Even though the reflection profile32 was previously determined from the communications device 20, thereflection profile 32 may still be applied to transmissions andreceptions of the different communications device 130. This similaritymay certainly be true when different communications devices are the samemodel and/or the same manufacturer. Indeed, the configuration and/orperformance of the multiple input, multiple output system (illustratedas reference numeral 58 in FIG. 2) may be so similar that the reflectionprofile 32 may be applicable to any device operating in the location 46.The reflection profile 32, in other words, may be device-agnostic. Thedifferent communications device 130 may thus quickly apply thereflection profile 32 to its transmissions and receptions, even thoughdetermined from a different device (e.g., the communications device 20).The different communications device 130 is thus relieved fromunnecessarily repeating the determination of the reflection profile 32.

FIGS. 12-13 are schematics further illustrating the multiple input,multiple output (“MIMO”) system 58, according to exemplary embodiments.FIG. 12 illustrates how the cellular impulse 80 may be transmitted frommultiple ones of the antennas 60 in the multiple input, multiple outputsystem 58. FIG. 12, for example, illustrates two (2) antennas 60, so thecellular impulse 80 may be transmitted from one antenna or from bothantennas. The device-side electromagnetic profile algorithm 52 may evencause the multiple input, multiple output system 58 to transmit thecellular impulse 80 in the same or different transmission directions 90.Each cellular impulse 80 may be mathematically represented as atransmission vector 132 in one or multiple dimensions.

FIG. 13 illustrates the reflections 30. The reflections 30 propagateback to the multiple input, multiple output (“MIMO”) system 58. One ormore of the antennas 60 thus receive each reflection 30. Each reflection30 may be represented by its corresponding field vector 134. Whenmultiple reflections 30 are received, the multiple reflections 30 may berepresented as a composite signal 136 having a composite vector 138. Thevector representations of the transmitted cellular impulse 80 and thereflections 30 may then be used to determine the reflection profile 32.

FIGS. 14-15 are schematics illustrating remote evaluation commands,according to exemplary embodiments. Here the communications device 20may be remotely commanded to transmit the cellular impulse 80. Sometimesthe intelligence in the communications network 72 may want to learn theelectromagnetic reflective characteristics of some location 46. FIG. 14,for example, illustrates an impulse command 140 that is sent to thecommunications device 20. The impulse command 140 may originate from theprofile server 100. Sometimes the database 110 of reflection profilesmay have an empty or null entry for a particular location 46. That is,the reflection profile 32 is unknown for some location 46. The profileserver 100 may thus need to determine the reflection profile 32 for theparticular location 46.

The profile server 100 may thus fill empty entries in the database 110of reflection profiles. Whenever the database 110 of reflection profilesis incomplete, the profile server 100 may command any device in theparticular location of need to undertake an evaluation of the reflectionprofile 32. The profile server 100, for example, may instruct thewireless access point 70 to poll for the various devices operatingwithin its range. Any polling response may thus identify a candidatedevice that can undertake the reflection profile 32.

FIG. 15 thus illustrates the database 110 of reflection profiles. Herethe database 110 of reflection profiles may include entries for thewireless access point 70 associated with the location 46. When thedatabase 110 of reflection profiles contains an empty entry 142 for thelocation 46, the profile server 100 may query the database 110 ofreflection profiles for the wireless access point 70 associated with thelocation 46.

Returning to FIG. 14, the profile server 100 may then determine whatdevices are communicating with the wireless access point 70. The profileserver 100, for example, may instruct the wireless access point 70 tosend a polling message to any devices within its range. Any pollingresponse may then be a candidate to undertake the reflection profile 32.The profile server 100 may thus route the impulse command 140 to acandidate device communicating with the wireless access point 70. Theimpulse command 140 instructs the candidate device to transmit thecellular impulse 80 and to receive the corresponding reflections 30. Thecandidate device and the profile server 100 may then cooperate todetermine the reflection profile 32 for the location 46, as thisdisclosure explains. The profile server 100 may then populate thedatabase 110 of reflection profiles with the reflection profile 32.

The profile server 100 may select the candidate device. There may bemany devices communicating with the wireless access point 70. Some ofthose devices may be better suited to determining the reflection profile32. Some devices, for example, may have better processing capabilities,such as faster processor or more memory. Some devices may have bettersignal strength. Some devices may be more representative of a popularmanufacturer or model. Exemplary embodiments, then, may includeselection criteria 144 for determining the candidate device. The devicethat best satisfies the selection criteria 144 may be instructed totransmit the cellular impulse 80.

FIG. 16 is a schematic illustrating an orientation determination,according to exemplary embodiments. As the above paragraphs explained,the reflection profile 32 describes the electromagnetic reflectivecharacteristics of any indoor and/or outdoor environment. Once thereflection profile 32 is known, the reflection profile 32 may then beused to improve services. FIG. 16, for example, illustrates how thereflection profile 32 may be used to determine an orientation 150 of thewireless communications device 20. As many readers know, mobilecommunications devices (such as the smart phone 26) may have manydifferent orientations of use. Some users, for example, may find aportrait orientation preferable, while others may prefer a landscapeorientation. Indeed, websites, video movies, and other content may beoptimized for a particular orientation. Exemplary embodiments, then, mayuse the reflection profile 32 to infer the orientation 150 of thecommunications device 20.

When the wireless access point 72 communicates with the communicationsdevice 20, the orientation 150 may be determined. As FIG. 16illustrates, the communications device 20 sends any electromagneticsignal 152 to the wireless access point 72. When the wireless accesspoint 72 receives the signal 152, the signal 152 may be compared to thereflection profile 32. Any difference 154 between the signal 152 and thereflection profile 32 may be related to the orientation 150 of thecommunications device 20. That is, any electromagnetic difference 154between the signal 152 and the reflection profile 32 may indicate theorientation 150 of the communications device 20. The signal 152, forexample, may have a difference 154 in phase, thus indicating thecommunications device 20 is upside down from the data in the reflectionprofile 32. The transmission direction 90 of the signal 152 may yieldthe difference 154, thus also indicating the orientation 150 of thecommunications device 20. Any difference 154 between the signal 152 andthe reflection profile 32 may be related to the orientation 150 of thecommunications device 20.

The orientation 150 has many uses. Once the orientation 150 of thecommunications device 20 is determined, a display screen 156 may beswitched from a portrait to landscape and vice versa. The orientation150 of the communications device 20 may also indicate a direction ofmovement. Many people, for example, orient their communications device20 parallel or transverse (perpendicular) to their current direction ofmovement. Moreover, if the orientation 150 is “face down,” thecommunications device 20 may not be in current use. That is, if theorientation 150 indicates the communications device 20 is upside down(e.g., the display screen 156 is facing down to the Earth), thecommunications device 20 is likely not currently be used.

The orientation 150 may also indicate bandwidth 158. The bandwidth 158allocated to the communications device 20 may vary based on theorientation 150. Again, if the communications device 20 is orientedupside down, exemplary embodiments may cease or reduce allocation of thebandwidth 158 to the communications device 20. The orientation 150 ofthe communications device 20 may thus be used to throttle the bandwidth158 to the communications device 20.

The orientation 150 may also indicate usage 160. The orientation 150 maybe used to predict how the communications device 20 is about to be used.Some orientations 150, for example, are commonly used during telephonyoperations, such as when the communications device 20 is oriented to theuser's ear. When the orientation 150 correlates or matches historicalorientations associated with telephony usage 160, exemplary embodimentsmay thus predict or anticipate the corresponding telephony usage 160.The communications network 72 may thus automatically begin configuringthe telephony usage 160, based on the orientation 150. The database 110of reflection profiles may thus also store entries that associate theorientation 150 to the usage 160. Once the orientation 150 isdetermined, the same historical usage 160 may be predicted.

Indeed, the orientation 150 and the usage 160 may be habitual. Once theprofile server 100 obtains the current location 46 of the communicationsdevice 20, the profile server 100 may query the database 110 ofreflection profiles for the location 46. Here, though, the database 110of reflection profiles may respond with the orientation 150 and theusage 160 that are commonly or habitually observed at that same location46. The reflection profile 32, in other words, may track historicalorientations 150 and usages 160 for each location 46. As many users arecreatures of habit, exemplary embodiments may expect habitualorientations 150 and usages 160 at the same location 46. So, once thecurrent location 46 is known, the profile server 100 predict how thecommunications device 20 will be oriented and used. The profile server100 may then instruct the communications network 72 to anticipate thesame orientation 150 and the usage 160 and proactively configure.Likewise, the profile server 100 may instruct the communications device20 to proactively configure for the anticipated orientation 150 and theusage 160.

The orientation 150 may be expressed in one or more dimensions. Aselectromagnetic signals may be expressed or represented as vectors,mathematical vector operations may be used to determine the orientation150 of the communications device 20. For example, the orientation 150may be expressed as yaw, pitch, and roll values. These expressions ofthe orientation 150 may also indicate a context in how thecommunications device 20 is being used, such as the bandwidth 158 andthe usage 160 explained above.

FIG. 17 is a schematic illustrating distance calculations, according toexemplary embodiments. Here the cellular impulse 80 may be used todetermine a distance 170 to any physical object 28. When the cellularimpulse 80 is transmitted from the communications device 20, thecellular impulse 80 reflects from the physical object 28. Thereflection(s) 30 thus propagate back to the communications device 20.Electromagnetic signals in air travel at the constant speed of light c,so the round-trip time may thus be used to calculate the distance 170 tothe physical object 28.

The distance 170 may then be used to improve the user experience. If thecommunications device 20 has a camera, for example, the distance 170 maybe used to focus the camera. Distance calculations may also be importantin gaming and in virtual reality, where accurate distance measurementsmay improve user interfaces, 3-D renderings, and virtual experiences.Virtual graffiti, for example, may be sized, oriented, and displayed atthe proper distance 170 in the viewing area. The ability to calculatethe distance 170 to the physical object 28, of course, may also be veryuseful for architects, engineers, and construction workers. Runners andcoaches may appreciate the ability to accurately measure distances.Indeed, the ability to merely point the communications device 20 towardthe physical object 28, and to easily calculate the distance 170, isdesired by many people in many situations.

FIGS. 18-19 are schematics illustrating velocity calculations, accordingto exemplary embodiments. Here the cellular impulse 80 may be used todetermine a velocity 180 of movement. When the cellular impulse 80 istransmitted from the communications device 20, the reflection(s) 30propagate back to the communications device 20. The reflections 30,however, may have the difference 154 in frequency. The difference 154 infrequency may indicate the physical object 28 is moving. A frequencyshift between the cellular impulse 80 and the reflections 30 isproportional to the velocity 180 of movement of the physical object 28,according to the Doppler effect. FIG. 19 is similar, but here thecellular impulse 80 may be used to determine the velocity 180 ofmovement of the communications device 20 itself. Exemplary embodiments,then, allow the user to merely point the communications device 20 towardthe physical object 28 and easily determine the velocity 180 ofmovement.

FIGS. 20-21 are schematics further illustrating the orientation 150 ofthe communications device 20, according to exemplary embodiments. Hereagain the reflections 30 may be used to determine the orientation 150 ofthe wireless communications device 20. When the reflections 30 arereceived at the communications device 20, the reflection profile 32 maydetermine an electromagnetic power 190 transported by any one or more ofthe reflections 30. The electromagnetic power 190, for example, may bedetermined from Poynting's theorem. The electromagnetic power 190 maythen be associated to different orientations 150 of the communicationsdevice 20. Moreover, the electromagnetic power 190 may also be used toadjust the transmission characteristics of the wireless access point 70.For example, if the electromagnetic power 190 is reduced or attenuated,the wireless access point 70 may need to increase the power of itstransmissions to the communications device 20.

FIG. 21 illustrates a polarization 200 of the cellular impulse 80. Whenthe cellular impulse 80 is transmitted, the polarization 200 of thecellular impulse 80 may indicate the orientation 150 of thecommunications device 20. The polarization 200 of the cellular impulse80, and/or of the one or more reflections 30, may thus indicate theorientation 150 of the communications device 20. The reflection profile32 may thus associate different polarizations 200 to differentorientations 150 of the communications device 20. Once the polarization200 is known (from either the cellular impulse 80 and/or the one or morereflections 30), the reflection profile 32 may be queried for thecorresponding orientation 150 of the communications device 20.

The orientation 150 may be based on the polarization 200. Once thepolarization 200 is known, the polarization 200 may be expressed as avector. The orientation 150 may then be inferred from the vectorizedpolarization 200. The orientation 150, for example, may be perpendicularto the vectorized polarization 200. That is, once the polarization 200is determined, the orientation 150 of the communications device 20 maybe assumed to be perpendicular to the vectorized polarization 200. Theorientation 150, however, may be parallel to the vectorized polarization200. Once the polarization 200 is known, the user may be assumed to holdthe communications device 20 parallel or perpendicular to the vectordescribing the polarization 200.

FIG. 22 is another schematic illustrating the cellular impulse 80,according to exemplary embodiments. Here, though, the cellular impulse80 is transmitted by the wireless access point 70. There may be times orcircumstances in which the wireless access point 70 wishes to evaluatethe electromagnetic reflective characteristics of its ambientenvironment 24. The wireless access point 70 may thus transmit thecellular impulse 80 to develop the reflection profile 32 for itscorresponding location 46. The profile server 100 may even order orcommand the wireless access point 70 to transmit the cellular impulse 80(such as by the impulse command 140, as earlier explained). The database110 of reflection profiles may thus store the reflection profile 32generated by any device at any location 46. While the wireless accesspoint 70 may evaluate the electromagnetic reflective characteristicsusing any frequency, the cellular frequencies are illustrated forsimplicity.

FIGS. 23-24 are more schematics illustrating the electromagneticreflective characteristics of the ambient environment 24, according toexemplary embodiments. Here the wireless access point 70 may transmitthe cellular impulse 80, but the reflections 30 are received by thecommunications device 20. The communications device 20 may thus uploadinformation describing the reflections 30 to the profile server 100 foranalysis. FIG. 23 thus illustrates that any communications devices 20operating within range of the wireless access point 70 may evaluate theelectromagnetic reflective characteristics of the ambient environment 24without transmitting the cellular impulse 80. The profile server 100 maythus correlate transmission vectors to reception vectors to determinethe reflection profile 32 associated with the location 46.

FIG. 24 illustrates how multiple communications devices 20 may receivethe reflections 30. When the wireless access point 70 transmits thecellular impulse 80, there may be several communications devices 20within reception range. The reflections 30 may thus be received bymultiple communications devices 20, so the profile server 100 mayreceive multiple reflective uploads from different locations 46 withinreception range. The profile server 100 may thus evaluate theelectromagnetic reflective characteristics of the ambient environment 24from multiple vantage points within range of the wireless access point70.

FIG. 25 is a schematic illustrating authentication, according toexemplary embodiments. Here the reflection profile 32 may be used toauthenticate the communications device 20. When the communicationsdevice 20 requests some service via the wireless access point 70, someregistration or authentication process may be required. If thecommunications device 20 presents or possesses the correct credentials,access to the wireless access point 70 is granted. Exemplaryembodiments, then, may authenticate based on the reflection profile 32.The communications device 20, for example, may send some or all of thereflection profile 32 to the wireless access point 70. If the reflectionprofile 32 matches that stored in the database 110 of reflectionprofiles, then the wireless access point 70 may recognize and grantaccess. Should the reflection profile 32 be too large or complicated forquick analysis, the communications device 20 may only send a portion orsummary parameters or values. Likewise, if bandwidth or congestion is aconcern, the communications device 20 may only send the portion orsummary parameters or values. Indeed, in actual practice, the reflectionprofile 32 may be reduced to only those features that are large withrespect to a wavelength of the cellular impulse 80 and/or thereflections 30. These reduced features may allow the reflection profile32 to be less dependent on “clutter” that would be hard to replicate.

The reflections 30 may also be used for authentication. When thecommunications device 20 requests access to the wireless access point70, the communications device 20 may send the reflection 30 associatedwith the location 46. That is, the communications device 20 retrievesand sends a previous reflection 30 observed or received during aprevious visit to the same location 46. Authentication, in other words,may be based on historical reflections 30 at the same location 46. Ifthe communications device 20 sends an historical reflection 30 thatmatches that stored in the database 110 of reflection profiles, then thewireless access point 70 may recognize and grant access. Alternatively,if the profile server 100 can reconstruct and match the reflectionprofile 32 to that already stored in the database 110 of reflectionprofiles, then the profile server 100 and/or the wireless access point70 may grant access. Here, then, the communications device 20 may detectits location 46 and automatically retrieve and send the historicalreflection 30 previously received at the same location 46.

FIGS. 26-28 are flowcharts illustrating a method or algorithm forprofiling electromagnetic characteristics, according to exemplaryembodiments. Reflection profiles are stored in a database of reflectionprofiles (Block 220). A null entry is determined (Block 222). An addressof a wireless access point associated with the null entry is retrievedfrom the database of reflection profiles (Block 224). The wirelessaccess point is instructed to poll for communications devices (Block226). A list of the communications devices is generated (Block 228).Selection criteria are retrieved (Block 230) and compared to the list ofcommunications devices (Block 232). One of the communications devices isselected (Block 234).

The algorithm continues with FIG. 27. An impulse command is routed tothe selected communications device (Block 236). An impulse istransmitted from the selected communications device (Block 238). Theimpulse is received at the wireless access point (Block 240).Reflections of the impulse are received at the selected communicationsdevice (Block 242). The reflections may be sent from the selectedcommunications device to the wireless access point (Block 244). Areflection profile is determined (Block 246). The reflection profile isstored in the database of reflection profiles to replace the null entry(Block 248).

The algorithm continues with FIG. 28. The orientation 150 of theselected communications device is determined using the reflectionprofile (Block 250). A query is received from a requesting device thatspecifies a location (Block 252). The database of reflection profilesperforms a look-up for the reflection profile associated with thelocation (Block 254). The reflection profile is sent as a response tothe requesting device (Block 256).

FIG. 29 is a schematic illustrating still more exemplary embodiments.FIG. 29 is a more detailed diagram illustrating a processor-controlleddevice 300. As earlier paragraphs explained, the device-sideelectromagnetic profile algorithm 52 and/or the server-sideelectromagnetic profile algorithm 102 may operate in anyprocessor-controlled device. FIG. 29, then, illustrates the device-sideelectromagnetic profile algorithm 52 and/or the server-sideelectromagnetic profile algorithm 102 stored in a memory subsystem ofthe processor-controlled device 300. One or more processors communicatewith the memory subsystem and execute either or both applications.Because the processor-controlled device 300 is well-known to those ofordinary skill in the art, no further explanation is needed.

FIG. 30 depicts still more operating environments for additional aspectsof the exemplary embodiments. FIG. 30 illustrates that the exemplaryembodiments may alternatively or additionally operate within otherprocessor-controlled devices 300. FIG. 30, for example, illustrates thatthe device-side electromagnetic profile algorithm 52 and/or theserver-side electromagnetic profile algorithm 102 may entirely orpartially operate within a set-top box (“STB”) (302), a personal/digitalvideo recorder (PVR/DVR) 304, personal digital assistant (PDA) 306, aGlobal Positioning System (GPS) device 308, an interactive television310, an Internet Protocol (IP) phone 312, a pager 314, acellular/satellite phone 316, or any computer system, communicationsdevice, or any processor-controlled device utilizing a digital signalprocessor (DP/DSP) 318. The processor-controlled device 300 may alsoinclude watches, radios, vehicle electronics, clocks, printers,gateways, mobile/implantable medical devices, and other apparatuses andsystems. Because the architecture and operating principles of thevarious processor-controlled devices 300 are well known, the hardwareand software componentry of the various processor-controlled devices 300are not further shown and described.

FIGS. 31-33 are schematics further illustrating various communicationsdevices for presenting ring tones, according to exemplary embodiments.FIG. 31 is a block diagram of a subscriber identity module 400, whileFIGS. 32 and 33 illustrate, respectively, the subscriber identity module400 embodied in a plug 402 and in a card 404. As those of ordinary skillin the art recognize, the subscriber identity module 400 may be used inconjunction with the communications device (illustrated as referencenumeral 20 in FIGS. 1-25). The subscriber identity module 400 storesuser information and any portion of the device-side electromagneticprofile algorithm 52 and/or the server-side electromagnetic profilealgorithm 102. As those of ordinary skill in the art also recognize, theplug 402 and the card 404 each interface with the communications device20.

As FIG. 31 illustrates, the subscriber identity module 400 may beprocessor-controlled. A microprocessor 406 (μP) communicating withmemory modules 408 via a data bus 410. The memory modules 408 mayinclude Read Only Memory (ROM) 412, Random Access Memory (RAM) and orflash memory 414, and Electrically Erasable-Programmable Read OnlyMemory (EEPROM) 416. The subscriber identity module 400 stores some orall of the device-side electromagnetic profile algorithm 52 and/or theserver-side electromagnetic profile algorithm 102 in one or more of thememory modules 408. FIG. 31 shows the device-side electromagneticprofile algorithm 52 and/or the server-side electromagnetic profilealgorithm 102 residing in the Erasable-Programmable Read Only Memory416. However, either algorithm may alternatively or additionally residein the Read Only Memory 412 and/or the Random Access/Flash Memory 414.An Input/Output module 418 handles communication between the SubscriberIdentity Module 300 and the communications device.

FIG. 34 is a block diagram further illustrating the communicationsdevice 20, according to exemplary embodiments. Here the communicationsdevice 20 may comprise a radio transceiver unit 452, an antenna 454, adigital baseband chipset 456, and a man/machine interface (MMI) 458. Thetransceiver unit 452 includes transmitter circuitry 460 and receivercircuitry 462 for receiving and transmitting radio-frequency (RF)signals. The transceiver unit 452 couples to the multiple input,multiple output (“MIMO”) system 58 for converting electrical current toand from electromagnetic waves. The digital baseband chipset 456 mayhave a digital signal processor (DSP) 464 and performs signal processingfunctions for audio (voice) signals and RF signals. As FIG. 34 shows,the digital baseband chipset 456 may also include an on-boardmicroprocessor 466 that interacts with the man/machine interface (MMI)458. The man/machine interface (MMI) 458 may comprise a display device468, a keypad 470, and the subscriber identity module 400. The on-boardmicroprocessor 466 may perform TDMA, CDMA, GSM or other protocolfunctions and control functions. The on-board microprocessor 466 mayalso interface with the subscriber identity module 400 and with thedevice-side electromagnetic profile algorithm 52 and/or the server-sideelectromagnetic profile algorithm 102.

Exemplary embodiments may be applied to any signaling standard. As thoseof ordinary skill in the art recognize, FIGS. 31-33 may illustrate aGlobal System for Mobile (GSM) communications device. That is, thecommunications device may utilize the Global System for Mobile (GSM)communications signaling standard. Those of ordinary skill in the art,however, also recognize that exemplary embodiments are equallyapplicable to any communications device 20 utilizing the Time DivisionMultiple Access signaling standard, the Code Division Multiple Accesssignaling standard, the “dual-mode” GSM-ANSI Interoperability Team(GAIT) signaling standard, or any variant of the GSM/CDMA/TDMA signalingstandard. Exemplary embodiments may also be applied to other standards,such as the I.E.E.E. 802 family of standards, the Industrial,Scientific, and Medical band of the electromagnetic spectrum,BLUETOOTH®, WI-FI®, and any other.

Exemplary embodiments may be physically embodied on or in acomputer-readable storage medium. This computer-readable medium, forexample, may include CD-ROM, DVD, tape, cassette, floppy disk, opticaldisk, memory card, memory drive, and large-capacity disks. Thiscomputer-readable medium, or media, could be distributed toend-subscribers, licensees, and assignees. A computer program productcomprises processor-executable instructions for electromagneticprofiling of ambient environments, as the above paragraphs explained.

While the exemplary embodiments have been described with respect tovarious features, aspects, and embodiments, those skilled and unskilledin the art will recognize the exemplary embodiments are not so limited.Other variations, modifications, and alternative embodiments may be madewithout departing from the spirit and scope of the exemplaryembodiments.

1. A method, comprising: receiving, by a server, a query from asmartphone reporting a location; determining, by the server, anelectromagnetic profile that is associated with the location reported bythe smartphone; and sending, by the server, the electromagnetic profileto the smartphone in response to the query.
 2. The method of claim 1,further comprising retrieving the electromagnetic profile.
 3. The methodof claim 1, further comprising sending the electromagnetic profile to anaddress associated with the smartphone.
 4. The method of claim 1,further comprising sending the electromagnetic profile to an Internetprotocol address associated with the smartphone.
 5. The method of claim1, further comprising transmitting the electromagnetic profile.
 6. Themethod of claim 1, further comprising transmitting the electromagneticprofile to the smartphone.
 7. The method of claim 1, further comprisingsending the electromagnetic profile to the smartphone via at least oneof a cellular network and a wireless local area network.
 8. A system,comprising: a hardware processor; and a memory device, the memory devicestoring instructions, the instructions when executed causing thehardware processor to perform operations, the operations comprising:receiving a query from a smartphone reporting a location; determining anelectromagnetic profile that is associated with the location reported bythe smartphone; and sending the electromagnetic profile to thesmartphone as a response to the query.
 9. The system of claim 8, whereinthe operations further comprise retrieving the electromagnetic profile.10. The system of claim 8, wherein the operations further comprisesending the electromagnetic profile to an address associated with thesmartphone.
 11. The system of claim 8, wherein the operations furthercomprise sending the electromagnetic profile to an Internet protocoladdress associated with the smartphone.
 12. The system of claim 8,wherein the operations further comprise transmitting the electromagneticprofile.
 13. The system of claim 8, wherein the operations furthercomprise transmitting the electromagnetic profile to the smartphone. 14.The system of claim 8, wherein the operations further comprise sendingthe electromagnetic profile to the smartphone via at least one of acellular network and a wireless local area network.
 15. A memory devicestoring instructions that when executed cause a hardware processor toperform operations, the operations comprising: receiving a query from asmartphone reporting a location; determining an electromagnetic profilethat is associated with the location reported by the smartphone; andsending the electromagnetic profile to the smartphone as a response tothe query.
 16. The memory device of claim 15, wherein the operationsfurther comprise retrieving the electromagnetic profile.
 17. The memorydevice of claim 15, wherein the operations further comprise sending theelectromagnetic profile to an address associated with the smartphone.18. The memory device of claim 15, wherein the operations furthercomprise sending the electromagnetic profile to an Internet protocoladdress associated with the smartphone.
 19. The memory device of claim15, wherein the operations further comprise transmitting theelectromagnetic profile.
 20. The memory device of claim 15, wherein theoperations further comprise transmitting the electromagnetic profile tothe smartphone.